For Klement, a self-professed “pessimist” who has lived in the UK for 10 years, the research was never about protecting anyone from heartbreak, or winning big on a bet.

Rather, he hoped to reveal the absurdity of trying to predict outcomes.

“This started as an exercise in showing the world a hubris of economists who think they can forecast stuff that they actually have no clue about,” Klement said.

“And now it’s become an exercise in how, if you’re lucky often enough, people will think you’re a guru.”

After his first prediction came true when his native Germany won the 2014 World Cup, Klement imagined running the numbers again in 2018 would expose it as a fluke.

But he predicted correctly with France in 2018 – then again with Argentina in 2022.

“Because I was right three times in a row, people now think that this model is unbeatable and that I obviously will have to be right as well next time,” he said.

It is true that World Cup success is partly determined by known “systemic” factors, such as national population, wealth, climate and Fifa world rankings.

But Klement urges readers of his quadrennial forecast – growing in popularity with each successful prediction – to take its contents with a pinch of salt, since such factors only tell part of the story.

“The other 50% is luck,” he adds.

“Every match – especially when you have these high-quality teams playing against each other that are very similar in skills and quality – it really depends on the form of the day, a ref call, a piece of luck in the sense of hitting the post versus the ball going in.

“Things like that are completely unpredictable.”

Each time the tournament approaches, Klement’s model offers a welcome diversion from his day-to-day work: “In particular in 2026, when there are so many crises, wars and things going on, it is something that makes me feel good and hopefully the readers feel good and gives them a little bit of a distraction from all the kind of bad stuff that is going on in the world.”

But with each accurate prediction, the weight of expectation mounts on Klement, who works as a strategist at investment bank Panmure Liberum.

In the office, Klement faces enquiries from fellow economists around, for instance, how Dutch Tottenham midfielder Xavi Simons’ ACL injury will impact the model?

So in spite of his many disclaimers around the integrity of the forecast, Klement is braced for the tournament kick-off in June.

“I’ve got several colleagues who bet some money on the Netherlands in response to me publishing that note,” he said.

“And if the Netherlands get eliminated from the World Cup, I think the next day I have to work from home.”