For Canada and its allies, this demands a more sophisticated approach to national security. Economic sanctions remain an important policy tool, but they are rarely decisive on their own. They must form part of a broader strategy that integrates diplomacy, military deterrence, intelligence, cyber capabilities and sustained economic resilience. Perhaps the most important lesson is psychological. Democratic societies often project their own values onto their adversaries. We assume that others will calculate costs and benefits as we would. They frequently do not. Strategic success requires understanding an adversary as it understands itself, not as we wish it to be.