In 2023, Doyle’s lab developed a way to generated highly concentrated antibody formulations by encapsulating them into hydrogel particles. However, that requires centrifugation, a step that would be difficult to scale up for manufacturing.

In their new study, the researchers took a different approach that instead uses a microfluidic setup. Droplets containing antibodies dissolved in a watery prepolymer solution are suspended in an organic solvent and can then be dehydrated, leaving behind highly concentrated solid antibodies within a hydrogel matrix. Finally, the solvent is removed and replaced with an aqueous solution.

Using semi-solid particles 100 microns in diameter, the team showed that the force needed to push the plunger of a syringe containing the solution was less than 20 newtons. “That is less than half of the maximum acceptable force that people usually try to aim for,” says Talia Zheng, an MIT graduate student who is the lead author of the new study.

More than 700 milligrams of the antibody—enough for most therapeutic applications—could be administered at once with a two-milliliter syringe. The formulations remained stable under refrigeration for at least four months. The researchers now plan to test the particles in animals and work on scaling up the manufacturing process.