Kazakhstan has been forced to reduce production amid a series of attacks on ships loading oil at or nearby the Caspian Pipeline Consortium terminal on Russia’s Black Sea coast, which handles about 80% of Kazakhstan’s crude exports. In any case, the country has consistently flouted its OPEC+ quota, limiting the relevance of any increases in its formal target. It pumped 1.9 million barrels a day in May, according to the IEA.