Soon after Duff-Berdahl, faculty associations sought and gained union status — not all but most of them, and the difference between associations that are unions, and those that are not, is immaterial here. All faculty associations have representative duties to their members and there are tensions — real or potential — between them and academic senates. Their memberships overlap; and the distinction between academic matters that are the responsibility of senates, and the associations’ duties to represent their members may be blurred or lost.