Across centuries and continents, there have been moments when death reshaped societies, toppled empires, and made entire populations believe the world was ending. These were not isolated tragedies; they were global turning points. Here are some of the deadliest years in recorded history.

1. 536 AD: the year the sun went dark

Often described by historians as the worst year to be alive, 536 AD marked the beginning of a catastrophic climate event. A massive volcanic eruption, or possibly several, sent ash into the atmosphere, dimming the sun across Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Asia. Contemporary accounts describe a “sun without brightness,” casting a bluish haze over the sky for more than a year. Temperatures dropped, crops failed, and famine spread. In the decades that followed, weakened populations faced further disasters, including the Plague of Justinian, which killed an estimated 25–50 million people. While exact numbers from 536 alone are uncertain, the chain reaction it triggered devastated millions and reshaped entire regions.

2. 1348: The Black Death ravages Europe

In 1348, the bubonic plague swept through Europe at an unimaginable speed. Within just a few years, an estimated 25–50 million people in Europe died, roughly one-third to one-half of the population. Globally, death toll estimates range between 75 and 200 million. Entire villages disappeared, mass graves became common, and social order broke down as fear and superstition flourished. The Black Death permanently altered Europe’s economic and social structure. Labor shortages shifted power towards surviving workers, weakening feudal systems and changing the balance between classes. It wasn’t just a health crisis; it was a transformation of society.

3. 1520: Smallpox in the Americas

In 1520, smallpox reached the Americas during the Spanish conquest. Indigenous populations had no immunity to the disease. The consequences were catastrophic. In some regions, mortality rates reached 80–90%. Across the Americas, disease, including smallpox, measles, and influenza, is estimated to have killed tens of millions of people over the 16th century. The Aztec Empire was devastated before it was militarily defeated, its leaders died, its social systems collapsed, and the resistance weakened. Disease became one of the most powerful and destructive forces in colonial history.

4. 1918: Influenza and the end of World War I

The year 1918 marked the final phase of World War I: a conflict that had already claimed millions of lives. But as the war drew to a close, another killer emerged. The influenza pandemic of 1918–1919 infected roughly one-third of the world’s population. It’s estimated to have caused at least 50 million deaths worldwide, with some estimates reaching 100 million. Unlike many flu strains, it disproportionately killed young, healthy adults. Hospitals overflowed, entire communities were quarantined, and public gatherings were banned. In a single year, war and disease combined to create one of the deadliest global crises in modern history.

5. 1943: the height of global war

By 1943, World War II had engulfed much of the world. The Eastern Front alone saw millions of casualties. The Holocaust intensified, with systematic mass murder carried out across Nazi-occupied Europe. Meanwhile, the Bengal Famine of 1943 killed an estimated 2–3 million people in British India. World War II as a whole resulted in an estimated 70–85 million deaths globally. 1943 represents a year when war, genocide, and famine overlapped at a staggering scale.

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