An escalating Pakistani campaign of airstrikes against targets in Afghanistan is aimed at forcing the Taliban authorities to abandon their support for Pakistani militants, according to officials and experts.

The strategy is to impose such a steep cost on the Taliban administration that they act to prevent attacks emanating from Afghanistan. Yet it carries the risk of spiralling violence.

Afghan authorities said on Tuesday that an overnight airstrike in Kabul had hit a drug rehabilitation centre, killing 400 people. Islamabad described that claim as propaganda, saying that the targets were “military and terrorist infrastructure”.

Since the 2021 Taliban takeover, waves of terrorist attacks have pummelled Pakistan, launched from what Islamabad considers to be sanctuaries in Afghanistan. Pakistan says that its patience has snapped, naming an operation launched at the end of last month Ghazab lil-Haq or “Righteous Fury”.

A senior Pakistani security official said that, as Pakistan was facing a rise in bloodshed, Afghanistan should also suffer, asking: “Why should they live in peace?”

The Taliban has denounced the airstrikes as a violation of sovereignty and vowed to retaliate. It has hinted at unleashing suicide bombers. “They should not think that they can martyr people in Kabul, destroy the city and disturb its security, while remaining safe in Islamabad,” the Taliban’s defence minister, Mohammad Yaqoob – son of the movement’s founder, Mullah Omar – said earlier this month.

On Tuesday, Amir Khan Muttaqi, the Taliban’s foreign minister, compared the airstrike to Israel’s actions in Gaza, “repeated with full cruelty by a Muslim neighbour”.

Some of the airstrikes are rumoured to have targeted Taliban leaders. Pakistan may eventually look for even more radical options.

In past decades, Islamabad backed armed opposition in Afghanistan, including the Taliban. But no obvious group now exists to stage an uprising, while experts in Pakistan have said that this strategy backfired repeatedly. Islamabad has called for a more “inclusive” government in Kabul.

In recent months, Pakistan also imposed other measures, such as closing the border for trade to landlocked Afghanistan and expelling hundreds of thousands of Afghan refugees.

Mosharraf Zaidi, a spokesperson for Pakistan’s prime minister, Shehbaz Sharif, said that Pakistan had no quarrel with the Afghan people. He said the airstrikes were based on intelligence and as accurate as counter-terrorism operations anywhere.

“There’s one objective: protect the people of Pakistan from further terrorist attacks,” said Zaidi. “Under this[Taliban] regime, there is a clear and sustained protection, nurturing and support for terrorist groups that has to end.”

Aizaz Ahmad Chaudhry, formerly Pakistan’s most senior career diplomat, said that Islamabad had tried to negotiate with the Taliban, bilaterally and with the involvement of other countries as mediators, including China and Middle Eastern nations, without results.

“The Taliban are running the state as a militia, rather than a government that cares for its people,” said Chaudhry. “Pakistan’s actions are defensive, not offensive.”

Asif Durrani, Pakistan’s former special envoy for Afghanistan, said that the west had washed its hands of Afghanistan with the 2021 withdrawal of foreign forces, leaving Pakistan to deal with the fallout.

“Pakistan has borne the pain,” said Durrani. “This is payback time.” Durrani predicted that the Taliban government would not last, with tribal factions or other opponents emerging at some point in the future.

US-led international forces, present in Afghanistan for 20 years after the 9/11 terror attacks, had accused Pakistan of harbouring the Taliban. Islamabad says that Pakistani militants are now based in Afghanistan and that Afghans have also joined them.

Some analysts warned that just as those international and Afghan soldiers had failed to defeat the Taliban, a military onslaught from Pakistan would not work and had no clear off-ramp. Pakistan has always tried to avoid being sandwiched between a hostile Afghanistan to the west and the threat from its foe India to the east, a scenario it now confronts. The current US-Israeli war on Iran adds further instability along another of Pakistan’s borders.

Qamar Cheema, the executive director of Sanober Institute, a thinktank in Islamabad, said that Pakistan’s current military leadership – led by Field Marshal Asim Munir – was different. Munir has been described by the US president, Donald Trump, as his “favourite field marshal”.

“The military leadership at the moment has a view that we need to act hard, we need to act strong, we need to be bold and we need to deal with the threat wherever it is,” said Cheema. “Nothing is off the table.”