Based on speed, power demand and battery charge, the system switches among EV, series hybrid, parallel hybrid, direct engine drive and regenerative braking. EV mode enables smooth, quiet low-speed driving. When the battery charge is low or the vehicle is traveling at low to moderate speeds, series mode keeps the engine operating efficiently while the motor powers the wheels. During hard acceleration, overtaking or climbing, parallel mode combines engine and motor output. At steady highway speeds, direct drive reduces conversion losses, while regenerative braking recovers energy during deceleration.