Fast-moving wildfires fueled by extreme heat and strong winds have forced some 200,000 people to flee or remain indoors this past week in France and Spain as firefighters struggle to bring the blazes under control.

No deaths have been linked to the fires, which have mainly hit southwestern France, near Bordeaux, and central Spain, near Madrid.

But the flames have torn through tens of thousands of acres of land, injured dozens of firefighters, destroyed scores of homes and campsites and forced many vacationers to flee popular summertime spots.

The Spanish and French authorities have requested additional resources from the European Union and warned that high temperatures and erratic gusts were making it difficult to stop the flames.

Where are the fires?

The authorities have reported dozens of wildfires in France, but the biggest and most worrying blazes are near the Atlantic coastline, in the southwestern region that includes Bordeaux.

One started on Wednesday in the Gironde area, while the other started on Thursday in the Landes area, farther south, according to local authorities. Those fires have burned over 120,000 acres so far.

The French authorities have also expressed concern about fires in the country’s southeastern Var area that have burned over 8,000 acres.

The fire in the Gironde area “generates its own winds, accelerates its spread and can abruptly change direction,” Prime Minister Sébastien Lecornu of France said late Friday.

“Civil protection experts had never before encountered such a phenomenon,” Mr. Lecornu said on social media after a government crisis meeting.

In Spain, wildfires in the mountains west of Madrid forced more than 19,000 people to evacuate and burned almost 15,000 acres by Friday afternoon. The blazes were closing in on populated areas.

“This is the worst wildfire in the Madrid region’s history,” Isabel Díaz Ayuso, the regional president, said on Friday. The fires spread amid “a perfect storm of extremely high temperatures and relentless winds,” she added, although the authorities in the Madrid region said on social media on Saturday that conditions had improved, with less wind, higher humidity and lower temperatures.

How have the authorities responded?

The Spanish and French authorities have ordered thousands to evacuate, set up emergency shelters, deployed firefighting planes and helicopters and sent security and military reinforcements to bolster hundreds of firefighters who are battling flames around the clock.

On Saturday, the prefect for the Gironde area ordered the evacuation of several western suburbs of Bordeaux as a precautionary measure. One includes the city’s airport. Thousands of people had previously evacuated the Cap Ferret peninsula, a popular Atlantic holiday destination. Hundreds fled by boat.

President Emmanuel Macron of France has asked the country’s armed forces “to mobilize to provide maximum support to civil security,” his office said on Friday evening. Over 1,000 soldiers are expected on the ground on Saturday, according to Mr. Lecornu, the prime minister.

The French authorities also announced on Friday that they were sending 1.5 million face masks to protect residents and emergency workers from toxic smoke caused by the fires.

Do we know what caused the fires?

The exact origins of the blazes in France and Spain were not immediately clear, but they are part of a broader surge of wildfires this summer across Europe fueled by repeated heat waves since late May.

The heat waves have parched vegetation and melted glaciers and have been linked to thousands of excess deaths. Last month was the hottest June on record in Western Europe, according to Copernicus, a European Union monitoring agency.

Connecting a specific heat wave or fire to global warming is hard to do, but experts agree that human-caused climate change is behind the increasingly high temperatures that have made wildfires more destructive in general.

About two weeks ago, a wildfire in the southeastern Spanish province of Almería killed 13 people, making it one of the country’s deadliest fires on record. Two French firefighters died battling a previous fire near Bordeaux this week.

France has decades of experience with wildfires in the country’s south, but the blazes have increased in number and pushed north as summer temperatures rise. By mid-July, almost 11,000 fires had already started across the country and burned more acres than throughout the entirety of last summer.

Carlos Barragán contributed reporting from Madrid.