In 2022, Amazon secured contracts to launch most of the remaining Amazon Leo megaconstellation on ULA’s Vulcan, Europe’s Ariane 6, and Blue Origin’s New Glenn rockets. Amazon has since booked 13 rides on the Falcon 9 rockets from SpaceX, whose Starlink broadband network is a competitor of Amazon Leo.

The Vulcan rocket is supposed to be the workhorse for Amazon Leo. The tech and retail giant has reserved 38 launches on Vulcan rockets and funded the construction of a dedicated new rocket assembly hangar at Cape Canaveral to support the ramp-up of Vulcan’s launch cadence.

“Atlas V has played a critical role in the early deployment phase for Amazon Leo, launching 224 satellites with a 100 percent success rate across all eight [operational] missions, and we’re excited to build on that foundation with ULA as we transition to Vulcan,” said Melissa Wuerl, Amazon Leo director of launch systems.

Service soon

It’s anyone’s guess when Amazon will launch satellites on Vulcan after the rocket’s recent solid rocket booster woes. Blue Origin’s New Glenn rocket—also owned by Amazon founder Jeff Bezos—is out of service after a catastrophic explosion on the launch pad at Cape Canaveral in late May. Europe’s Ariane 6 is the only one in Amazon’s stable of big, new rockets that has successfully delivered Amazon Leo satellites to orbit. Until Vulcan or New Glenn return to flight, the Ariane 6 and SpaceX’s Falcon 9 will be the only rockets available for Amazon to launch a growing backlog of satellites produced at the company’s factory near Seattle and shipped to Cape Canaveral for launch processing.

“With hundreds of flight-ready satellites standing by at the Cape and a new, dedicated vertical integration facility ready to support Leo Vulcan 1 and subsequent missions, we have a clear path to increase launch and deployment cadence, helping us quickly expand network coverage following an initial service rollout later this year,” Wuerl said in a statement.

In all, Amazon has purchased more than 100 launches for the Amazon Leo constellation. Fifteen of these launches are now complete, having deployed 398 satellites since October 2023, including the two demo satellites that are not part of Amazon’s operational fleet. The first-generation Amazon Leo constellation will eventually number 3,232 satellites.

The 396 production satellites now in orbit are “enough to support continuous service across initial latitudes,” Chris Weber, vice president for business and product for Amazon Leo, wrote on X. “Still lots of work ahead–including raising all these new satellites to their assigned altitude–but we’ve completed enough launches for initial service this year, and future missions just add coverage and capacity.”

These initial services will at first be continuously available only to users at mid-latitudes. The Amazon Leo birds currently in space move between 51.9 degrees north and south latitude, where the highest concentrations of satellites are at any one time. The constellation will grow to provide connectivity for customers between anywhere between 56 degrees north and south before eventually expanding to global coverage.