Across much of the Middle East, governments that once defined themselves in opposition to Israel have moved, quietly but unmistakably, toward co-operation. These shifts are not ideological conversions but pragmatic calculations grounded in security, economic interest, and shared threats. At the same time, Iran’s leadership finds itself increasingly isolated not only internationally, but internally — at odds with many of its neighbours and with the vast majority of its own population and, almost universally, its diaspora.