Between 2000 and 2023, Venezuela was the fourth-largest recipient of Beijing’s official credit, having received $106 billion worth of loans from China’s official-sector creditors, according to AidData, a research lab at Virginia’s College of William & Mary that tracks Beijing’s overseas lending activities. But how much of the total that Caracas has paid off and what is still owed is unclear, said AidData executive director Brad Parks, because Caracas stopped reporting debt details several years ago.